Arka Flower Varieties & Production Technology

ARKA FLOWER VARIETIES AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Published by Director ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research Hesaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru-560089, Karnataka, India

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e-Book No EB-02/2021 Arka Flower Varieties And Production Technology

April 2021

Compiled and Edited by

Dr. Tejaswini Prakash Dr. Usha Bharathi T Dr. Sujatha A. Nair

Contributors

Dr. Meenakshi Srinivas, Dr. Manjunatha Rao T., Dr. Janakiram T., Dr. Aswath C., Dr. Tejaswini Prakash, Dr. Dhanjaya M.V.., Dr. Rajiv Kumar, Dr. Usha Bharathi T. Dr. Sujatha K., Dr. Singh K.P., Dr. Sujatha A. Nair, Dr. Sujata S., Dr. Smitha G.R., Dr. Sumangala H.P.

Dr. Sriram S., Dr. Sridhar V., Dr. Umamaheshwari R., Dr. Priti Sonavane Dr. Satisha G.C., Dr. Kalaivanan D.

Dr. Sangama

Correct citation

Arka Flower Varieties And Production Technology. 2021. (Eds) Tejaswini, P., Usha Bharathi, T. and Sujatha A. Nair. Published by Director, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru. (https:// www.iihr.res.in.) e-book No. EB-2/2021.

FOREWORD Floriculture has a unique place in horticulture with various flower crops, which have multiple utility. In a country like India, which has rich tradition of celebration, flowers are sought round the year for varied purposes. This over the years has turned this segment of horticulture into a very profitable commercial venture. Cut flowers, loose flowers, garlands, floral arrangements, bouquets there is a long list of items how flowers are being appreciated.Since, flowers are being used for various purposes there is an increased demand for a particular type suitable to these different segments. Demand for a particular color, shape, and size of flower within the crop varies from place to place and person to person. Today added to the list of fresh flower market is the value-added products that can be generated especially by the aromatic and pharmaceutical industry. The ICAR-IIHR works on ten flower crops and over the years has developed techologies and new varieties (>125). There are two basic segments in the floriculture industry viz., open field cultivation and protected cultivation. The work that we have carried out mostly pertains to open field cultivation as the majority is in this segment. However, not to be left behind, of late we have developed varieties in rose for protected cultivation and in Gerbera hitherto mainly grown under protected cultivation, we have developed varieties for open field condition. Floriculture in India, is being viewed as a high growth Industry, Indian floriculture industry is expanding, meeting the demand of national and generating income by exporting flowers to the global market. Government of India has identified floriculture as a sunrise industry and accorded it 100% export oriented status. As per APEDA report, 249 thousand ha area is under cultivation and production of flowers are estimated to be 1659 thousand tonnes loose flowers and 484 thousand tonnes cut flowers. The country has exported 16,949.37 MT of floriculture products to the world for the worth of Rs. 541.61 Crores/75.89 USD Millions in 2019-20. Commendable attempt has been made by the Scientists of the Division of Floriculture to compile the information on the new varieties developed in various crops and the technologies for getting quality production. I wish that all the stake holders will derive desired benefit from this compilation.

(Dr. M.R. DINESH)

PREFACE

As a national institute, we have been interacting with farmers trying to address field problems with research and passing on varieties and technology developed to growers for adoption contributing towards national economy. Breeeding of flower crops, research in production technology along with plant protection measures are the major activities that we have been working on flower crops at ICAR-IIHR. Though we have been trying our level best to provide the required information to all the stake holders of floriculture industry, many times we find ourselves constrained by limitation of time.

Our experience in playing multiple roles as researchers, teachers and as extension workers have made us to realise the necessity of keeping all the information easily accesible to all. In this era of digital technology, we have felt the advantage of e-book in spreading the information, making it easy to access the knowledge developed for public good. This book is a result of this realisation we have felt as a group. We wish our efforts will be of benefit to all those interested in floriculture.

CONTENTS

Sl. No.

Particulars

Page No.

Crop Varieties

1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9

Marigold

1-9

Rose

10-20 21-25 26-31 32-35 36-38 39-48 49-52 53-70 71-77 79-83 84-87 88-92 93-97

Crossandra

Gerbera Jasmine

Carnation

China Aster

Chrysanthemum

10 11

Gladiolous Tuberose

Production Technology

1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9

Tuberose Gladiolous

Jasmine

Rose – Protected cultivation Rose – Open cultivation

98-101 102-106 107-110 111-114 115-118 119-122 123-127

Marigold Gerbera

Chrysanthemum

10 11 12

Crossandra China Aster

Carnation

CROP VARIETIES

Marigold A frican Marigold ( Tagetus erecta L . ) French Marigold ( Tagetus patula L .)

Vegetatively propagated hybrid

A rka A gni

Arka Agni is developed by hybridisation between male sterile line IIHRMGYP-1 x 9-2.

Flowering starts 40-45 days after planting and continues to flower for 60 days. Flowers of Arka Agni are orange in colour (RHS colour chart orange group N-25C). Flowers are compact and large in size (7.5-8 cm) with good shelf life of 5-6 days. Arka Agni has yield potential of 8 t/acre.

SPECIFIC HORTICULTURAL PRACTICE Tip pinching and removal of buds up to a month after planting to encourage more branches and higher yield

Vegetatively propagated hybrid

A rka Bangara - 2

Arka is developed by hybridisation between male sterile line IIHRMGYP-1 x 9-2. Bangara-2

SPECIFIC HORTICULTURAL PRACTICE

Flowering starts 40-45 days after planting and continues to flower for 60 days. Flowers are gold yellow in colour (RHS colour chart yellow group 9A). Flowers of Arka Bangara-2 are compact and large in size (7- 7.5cm) with good shelf life of 5- 6 days. Yield potential of Arka Bangara-2 is 8-10 t/acre.

Tip pinching and removal of buds up to a month after planting to encourage more branches and higher yield

Seed propagated F1 hybrid

A rka Shubha

Flowers are orange in colour (RHS colour chart Orange group N-25C) with good shelf life of 6-8 days. Arka Shubha has an yield potential of 12-14 t/acre. This hybrid is particularly good for extraction of pigment with an estimated carotenoid content of 2.8% in dry petal meal. Arka Shubha is a F1 hybrid between petaloid male sterile line IIHRMOS-1 x inbred line IIHRMO12

Tip pinching 10 days after planting will encourage more number of branches SPECIFIC HORTICULTURAL PRACTICE

Seed propagated F1 hybrid

A rka Vibha

Arka Vibha is a F1 hybrid between male sterile line IIHRMOS-1 x inbred line IIHRMO 53

Flowers of Arka Vibha are attractive with compact flower form having bright orange colour (RHS colour chart orange group N-25C). Potential yield of Arka Vibha is 10-12 t/acre. Along with higher yield, flowers of Arka Vibha also have good shelf life of 8-9 days.

SPECIFIC HORTICULTURAL PRACTICE Tip pinching 10 days after planting will encourage more number of branches

Seed propagated F1 hybrid

A rka A bhi

Arka Abhi is a F1 hybrid between male sterile line IIHRMYS-1 x inbred line IIHRMY 2-1

Flowers of Arka Abhi are of Florescent greenish yellow (RHS yellow group 5A) with six days of shelf life. Potential yield of Arka Abhi is 10-11 t/acre.

SPECIFIC HORTICULTURAL PRACTICE

Tip pinching 10 days after planting will encourage more number of branches

Seed propagated F1 hybrid

A rka Bhanu

Flowers of Arka Bhanu are yellow in colour (RHS yellow group 12B), comapct with good shelf life of around 7 days. Potential yield of Arka Bhanu is 10-10.5 t/acre Arka Bhanu is a F1 hybrid between male sterile line IIHRMYS-1 x inbred line IIHRMY 1-4

Tip pinching 10 days after planting will encourage more number of branches SPECIFIC HORTICULTURAL PRACTICE

A rka Pari

Pedigree breeding from cross between MG9 x MG 20 has resulted in selection of Arka Pari. Flower colour changes into different shades of orange depending upon light, temperature and stage of flower (RHS colour chart orange group N-25B in the beginning changes N-25C and N-25D).

Characteristic feature of Arka Pari is dwarf plants with spreading habit. Flowering starts 25-30 days after planting and will continue for flowering another 30-45 days. Flowers are small (4.3 cm) and this variety is highly floriferous (500-600 fls/plant). Potential yield is 4.2-4.8 t/acre. It can be cultivated round the year. Suitable for pot, landscape and vertical garden.

A rka Madhu

Arka Madhu is characterised with its double coloured flower. Border is orange (RHS colour chart Orange group N-25C) and center is dark red (RHS colour chart red group 44-A). It can be cultivated round the year. The variety is suitable for pot, landscape and vertical garden.

Plants of Arka Madhu are dwarf in stature with spreading habit. Flowering starts 30-35 days after planting and continues to flower for next 30-45 days. Flowers are small (4.5 cm) and plants are floriferous (200-250 fls/ plant). Potential yield is around 5 t/acre

Pedigree breeding from cross between MG12 x MG 19 has resulted in selection of Arka Madhu.

Rose ( Rosa hybrida L .)

A rka Swadesh

Arka Swadesh is ideal for cut flower production in protected cultivation. It has shining foliage and flowers of attractive red color (RHS colour chart Red Purple Group 58-C). Flower production starts 6 months after planting. Yield capacity of 145 fl stalks/sq.mt/year. It produces long stalk flowers with an average stalk length of 65-70 cm. Flowers are of medium size with good vase life (6 days).

Arka Swadesh is a hybrid from gametophytic selection on seed parent IC617922.

Bending of stems in the beginning of plant growth will increase number of strong basal branches. Covering of buds with bud net will enhance bud size. SPECIFIC HORTICULTURAL PRACTICE

Arka Ivory is a hybrid from gametophytic selection on seed parent IC617922 A rka Ivory

Arka Ivory has long stalk flowers and is ideal for cut flower production in protected cultivation. Flowers are creamish white in colour (RHS colour chart, White Group 155- A). Potential yield from Arka Ivory is around 110 fl stalks/sq.mt/year. Arka Ivory is moderately resistant to mites.

SPECIFIC HORTICULTURAL PRACTICE

Bending of stems in the beginning of plant growth will increase number of strong basal branches. Covering of buds with bud net will enhance bud size.

Arka Pride is a cut flower variety suitable for open field and protected cultivation. Number of prickles on stem is minimal. Flowers are orange in colour (RHS colour chart Orange Red Group 33-A), borne on long stalks and have good vase. Potential flower yield is 165 fl stalks/sq.mt/year. A A rka Pride

SPECIFIC HORTICULTURAL PRACTICE

Bending of stems in the beginning of plant growth will increase number of strong basal branches. Covering of buds with bud net will enhance bud size.

Arka Pride is a hybrid from gametophytic selection on seed parent IIHRSG-1

A rka Parimala

Arka Parimala is a seedling selection of Proudland

Arka Parimala has commercial potential for cosmemtic, aromatic, food and flavour industry. Being rich antioxidant content, It also has nutraceutical value. . It is a fragrant variety suitable for open field cultivation with multiple utility as loose flower and for cut flowers. It has field tolerance to thrips and black spot. Yield potential is 10 lakh fls/acre/year. Flowers are red ( RHS colour chart Red Purple Group 57-A)

SPECIFIC HORTICULTURAL PRACTICE Pruning once or twice in a year depending upon plant growth

Arka Sukanya is a fragrant rose variety with 0.22% of concrete yield in fresh flowers. Plants are highly floriferous and ideal choice for garden display. This hybrid has potential for cosmetic and aromatic industry. Flowers are bright pink in colour (RHS colour chart Red Purple Group N 57-C) Arka Sukanya is a hybrid of Gunniver x Babylon. A rka Sukanya

SPECIFIC HORTICULTURAL PRACTICE Pruning once or twice in a year depending upon plant growth

A rka Savi

Arka Savi is a spray category of rose belonging to floribunda group. Flowers are purple pink (RHS colour chart red purple group 66-A) in colour and are produced in bunches. Arka Savi is identified for its floriferous nature with high yield. Potential yield of flowers expected is 30 t/acre/year. In addition to high yield, it has added advantage of long shelf life (5-6 days).

Arka Savi is hybrid of gametophytic selection on seed parent IIHRP 11

A rka Sharmeeli

Arka Sharmeeli is a seedling selection from IIHRR 11.

Arka Sharmeeli

is an ever

blooming variety identified for garden display. Flower color changes from light pink to different shades of red from bud to blooming. Flowers are produced in bunches of 2-3 flowers at the tip of long stalks. Flowers are medium size with an average flower diameter of 7-8 cm and with 30-35 petals/flower. In the initial stage of flower opening, petal colour is of red group 50-A and slowly colour turns dark with red group 53-A as recorded with RHS color chart. floriferous

A rka Sinchana

Arka Sinchana is an everblooming highly floriferous floribunda rose. Flowers are bright red colored (RHS colour chart red Group 50-A) and produced in bunches. Young leaves are bronze green turning to deep green when mature. Ideal as garden rose and for beds in landscape. Ark Sinchana is a seedling selection from variety Fivestar

A rka Kinnari

Arka Kinnari is a seedling selection from variety Folklore.

It is an ever blooming floriferous variety. High centered buds with slow twisted opening makes it an attractive flower. Flowers are bicolor consisting vermilion red shading towards orient pink (Red Group-38-A). Base of flower both inner and outer side is yellow colour (Yellow Group 2-D). Arka Kinnari is characterised by long stalk with cluster of flowers. Dark green shining foliage makes the plant attractive as garden rose.

A rka Dr . G . S . Randhawa

It is a hybrid between Queen Elizabeth x American Heritage Flowers are peach pink in colour (RHS colour chart red group 36-A) changing to salmon pink along the border. With straight stem and attractive blooms, plants of Arka Dr. G.S. Randhawa are good for landscape .

A rka Kiran

Flowers are tyrian purple fading to rose bengal with white streaks on some petals. Arka Kiran is good for landscape with its light green leaves and contrasting flowers. Hybrid between Big Red x Blue Moon

Crossandra ( Crossandra infundibuliformis L . )

A rka Shreeya

Arka Shreeya is a hybrid between Loacl variety x Arka Ambara

Florets of Arka Shreeya are larger in size and darker in colour compared to local. Ideal for making garland. Potential yield is 4-4.8 t/acre/year

Florets of Arka Shravya are larger in size compared to local. With spreading plant habit, the variety is well suited for land scaping and as a pot plant. Potential yiled of Arka Shrayva is 4- 4.5 t/acre/year A rka Shravya

It is a hybrid between Crossandra nilotica x Mangalore Local

A rka A mbara

Florets of Arka Ambara are larger in size. Plants have spreading habit. Potential yield of the variety is 4-4.5 t/acre/year Arka Ambara is a hybrid between Loacl variety x Lakshmi

A rka Kanaka

Arka Kanaka has larger florets compared to local varieties. Flowers are bright yellowish orange in colour and ideal to make garlands. Potential yield of flower is 4-4.5 t/acre/year.

It is hybrid between Local Yellow x Delhi Crossandra

A rka Chenna This is mutant of Arka Ambara. It has thicker petals with stronger stalk and goof shelf life. It does not set seeds. Harvesting starts 4 months after planting. Potential yield of variety is 4-4.8 t/acre/year

Gerbera ( Gerbera jamesonii L .)

A rka White

Flowers of Arka White are semi double type with white colour and green disc. Average flower diameter is 10 cm with an average stalk length of 60 cm and vase life of 7 days. Yield potential of Arka White is 36-40 flowers/plant/ year. Arka White is a selection from half sib population of IIHR 9.

A rka Pink

Flowers are pink in colour with an average diameter of 11 cm and stalk length more of 62 cm. Arka Pink has yield potential of 36 fls/plant/year with an average vase life of 7.2 days. Arka Pink is a selection from half sib population of Arka Ashwa

A rka A shwa Flowers of Arka Ashwa are double type with RHS colour chart red purple group 68D. Flowers are suitable to be used as cut flower in flower arrangement. Potential yield is 42 fls/plant/year.

Arka Ashwa is selection from half sib population of IIHR 3

A rka Nesara

Arka Nesara is a selection from half sib population of IIHR 1

Flowers of Arka Nesara are double type with RHS col chart red group 50A. Flowers are suitable as cut flower in arrangements. Potential yield of Arka Nesara is 40 fls/plant/year.

Arka Nesara is a selection from half sib population of IIHR 1

A rka Krishika Arka Krishika can be cultivated in open field for production of cut flower. Flowers are double type with stalk length of 39-45 cm. Flowers can be used in floral decoration besides its use as cut flower. Potential yield of Arka Krishika is 40- 45 fls/plant/year.

Arka Krishika is a selection from half sib population of Acc. GJ 4

A rka Red

Arka Red is suitable for open field cultivation. With bright red colour (RHS red group 40A) flowers, it can be grown ideally in beds for landscaping. With double type flowers and with production potential of 40-45 fls/plant/year, Arka Red can be cultivated in open field for cutflower production.

Arka Red is a hybrid between IIHR99-5 x Savana

Jasminum sambac L . Jasminum multiflorum L . Jasminum grandiflorum L . J A SMINE

Jasminum sambac

A rka A radhana Arka Aradhana is a clonal selection from locally grown Jasminum sambac cv. Sooji malli. Flowers are double whorled with bold buds. Potential yield is 7.89 t/ha/year with concrete content of 0.19%

Jasminum multiflorum

A rka A rpan

Arka Arpan is a clonal selection from Jasminum multiflorum syn. Jasminum pubescens var. rubescens. It blooms during December to February and flower buds are bold with pink tinge and flowers are mildly fragrant at the time of opening. It is drought tolerant and yields 6.2 t/ha/year.

Jasminum grandiflorum

A rka Surabhi

Arka Surabhi is a clonal selection from a local Jasminum grandiflorum variety. The flowering season is during May to November. The flower buds have pink tinge and it yields 10 tonnes of flower per hectare. The concrete content is 0.35%.

Carnation

Dianthus caryophyllus L.

A rka Tejas

Arka Tejas is an interspecific hybrid between D. caryophyllus and D. chinensis . Flowers are small in size and are similar to pinks ( D. chinensis ). Flowers are borne in clusters and has potential as potted ornamental plant.

A rka Flame

Arka Flame is an invitro mutation selection from IIHRS-1. It is standard type carnation with single flower on straight stalk and produces flowers of red colour with smooth petal edges. Elongated flower buds open slowly and have good vase life of 10 days. Potential yield of Arka Flame is 300-360 flowers/sq.mt/year. Flowers stalks are strong and long (65 cm) with an average flower bud length of 5 cm. Arka Flame is tolerant to nematode and Fusarium wilt.

China A ster

Callistephus chinensis ( L .) Nees

A rka A adya

Developed by individual plant selection from Line No. 173. Flowers are semi-double type, early flowering and flower yield per plant is 178 g with shelf life of 4 days. It is suitable for loose flower and bedding.

A rka A rchana

Developed by individual plant selection from Line No. 15. Flowers are semi-double type, blooms early. Flower yield per plant is 222 g with shelf life of 3 days. It is suitable for loose flower and bedding purpose.

A rka Kamini Arka Kamini is a selection from the cross AST-6 x AST-36. The flowers are semi-double type and yields an average of 97 numbers of flowers per plant. It is suitable for the preparation of garland, floral decoration and cut flower.

A rka Poornima

Arka Poornima is a selection from AST-29 x AST-3. The flower are powder puff type and yields an average of 86 g of flowers per plant. It is suitable for garland, floral decoration and cut flower purpose.

A rka Shashank Arka Shashank is a selection from Local Pink x AST- 2. Flowers are powderpuff with tubular ray florets, creamy white in colour; suitable for garland, floral decoration and cut flower. It is resistant to root knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita race 1). Yield potential is 104 g/plant.

A rka Violet Cushion

Developed from the cross Local Pink x AST-2. Flowers are pompon type with tubular ray florets, violet in colour; suitable for garland, floral decoration and as cut flower. Yield potential is 113 g/plant.

A rka A dvika Arka Advika is a mutant from cv. Arka Poornima., produces semi-double flower having short pseudo ray florets. Flowers are white in colour (RHS chart white group, NN155D, Fan 4), produces on an average 36 numbers of flowers per plant with stalk length of 36 cm. It is suitable for cut flower, flower arrangement and bouquet making with vase life of 11 days.

A rka Nirali Arka Nirali is a mutant from cv. Arka Violet Cushion, produces semi-double flower having short pseudo ray florets. Flowers are violet in colour (RHS colour chart N81A, Purple group, Fan 2) produces 43 numbers of flowers per plant with stalk length of 42 cm. It is suitable for cut flower, flower arrangement and bouquet making with vase life of 11 days.

A rka Shubhi Arka Shubhi is a pedigree selection from Arka Kamini x Local White. Flowers are light pink in colour (RHS colour red purple group 65D, Fan 2), with a diameter of 5.04 cm. It produces 56 numbers of flowers per plant with stalk length of 47 cm. It is suitable for cut flower and flower arrangement with vase life of 10 days

Chrysanthemum

Dendranthema grandiflora. Tzvelev

A rka Ravi

Developed from cross between Mundial x Arka Swarna. Flowers are korean type, peach in colour; suitable for cut flower

A rka Ravi Kiran

It is a selection from Flirt x Valentine, produces reddish brown colour stellate flowers. Suitable for cut flower and making bouquet.

A rka Red Gold

It is a cross between Flirt x Valentine. Flowers are decorative type, yellow with brick red stripes on petals; suitable for cut flower and making bouquet

A rka Chandrika

Developed by cross between Angela x G.P. 1. Flowers are decorative type, white in colour; suitable for garland and cut flower

A rka Pink Star

It is a selection from half sib population of cv. Punjab Gold. Flowers are semi-double with pink colour, early flowering and yields 135.26 flowers/plant. It is a dwarf stature and suitable for or pot culture.

A rka Usha Kiran

Arka Usha Kiran is an induced mutant from cv. Arka Kirti. Flowers are semi-double with prominent disc yellow in colour. Suitable for bedding, pot plant and floral decoration.

Gladiolus Gladiolus hybridus Hort .

A rka Tilak

Developed from the cross between Watermelon Pink x Lady John, blooms in 87 days. It has long spike (94 cm) with good rachis length (55 cm) and bears 15 florets per spike and produces one spike per corm. Florets are dark red with red specks, lower lip red with yellow lines.

Arka Sindur

Arka Sakthi

Developed hybridization

and

Arka Sapna It is developed from the cross between Green wood Pecker x Friendship, blooms in 74 days and produces flower spikes of 119 cm. Flower colour is pale yellow with pink tinge.

and

selection from Watermelon Pink x Lady John. Flower colour is red having blotch red with yellow lines and splash.

selection from Watermelon Pink x Wild Rose, blooms in 66 days. Florets are red with white lines and blotch

Arka Shobha It is an induced mutant of var. 'Wild Rose'. It is an early flowering variety, which flowers in 60 days after planting. It has long spike (105 cm) with good rachis length (62 cm), bears 18 florets per spike and produces 1.3 spikes per corm. Florets are light pink with white throat. Vase life of cut flowers is for 7 days

Arka Poonam Developed by hybridization and selection from Geliber Herald x R.N.121, blooms in 60 days. It has long spike (98 cm) with good rachis length (61 cm) and bears 17 florets per spike. It is tolerant to Fusarium wilt disease. Florets are pale yellow with light yellow blotch.

Arka Nazrana Developed by hybridization and selection from Black Jack x Friendship, blooms in 60 days. Spike length is 104 cm produces 13 florets per spike. Flower colour is red with light yellow flash in throat.

Arka Kum Kum Developed by hybridization and selection from Watermelon pink x Lady John, blooms in 89 days. It has medium spike (83 cm) with good rachis length (49 cm) and bears 15 florets per spike. It produces 1.3 spikes per corm. Florets are red with yellow blotch. It is moderately resistant to Fusarium wilt disease.

Arka Dhiraj

Developed

from the cross

between Beauty spot x Psittacinus hybrid. Florets are red purple with yellow and red purple blotch. It is resistant to fusarium wilt disease.

Arka Darshan

Developed by hybridization and selection from Water melon Pink x Shirley, blooms in 85 days. Florets are red-purple with blotch. It has medium spike (87 cm) with good rachis length (67 cm) and bears 15 florets per spike. It is moderately resistant to Fusarium wilt disease.

Arka Aarti Developed by hybridization and selection from Shirley x Meloidy, blooms in 60 days. It has long spike (93 cm) with good rachis length (46 cm) and bears 13 florets per spike. It produces 1.75 spikes per corm. The florets are light orange having red spots with red and yellow blotch.

Arka Naveen Developed by hybridization and selection from Hybrid 74-39-1 x Tropic Sea, blooms in 66 days. It has long spike (111 cm) with good rachis length (55 cm) and bears 16 florets per spike. Florets are purple with pale yellow blotch, wavy tepals. It produces 27.68 spikes /m2/crop season.

Arka Kesar Develoed from a cross between Vink’s Glory x Sagar, blooms in 61 days with the spike length of 111 cm. Attractive saffron coloured florets. Moderately resistant to Fusarium wilt disease

Arka Gold Developed by hybridization and selection from Greenbay x Gold Medal-412. Florets are yellow having yellow lower lip with red blotch and slightly ruffled. Blooms in 74 days, has long spike (113 cm) with good rachis length (52 cm) and bears 13 florets per spike. It produces 1.59 flower spike per corm and 24.80 spikes /m2 / crop season. It yields 1.7 corms and 27 cormels per plant.

Arka Aayush Developed by hybridization and selection, blooms in 77 days. It has long spike (95.18 cm) with good rachis length (48.81 cm) and produces 1.7 spikes/corm. Florets are red with yellow border, open faced, thick, slightly ruffled and arranged in double rows. It is resistant to Fusarium wilt disease.

Arka Amar Developed by hybridization and selection from Water melon Pink x Aarti. It has long spike (101 cm) with good rachis length (50 cm) and bears 17 florets per spike. It blooms in 72 days and yields 1.81 flower spikes/corm bearing 16.6 florets per spike. Each corm produces 2 corms and 23 cormels after completion of flowering. It is resistant to Fusarium wilt disease. Florets purple-violet (82.C) with red purple (72.B) margin and yellow-green (154.D) blotch.

Arka Manorama Developed by hybridization and selection from Meera x Picardy, blooms in 72 days. It has long spike (123.11 cm) with good rachis length (46.77 cm) and bears 12.66 florets per spike. Florets are red-purple having red-purple streaks, red-purple splash, open faced and medium in texture.

Arka Pratham Developed by hybridization and selection from Junior Prom x Arka Poonum, blooms in 61 days. It produces flower spike of 107 cm and 1.85 spikes/corm. It produces 1.82 corms per corm and 52 cormels per corm. Floret colour is violet with white lines.

Arka Ranjini Developed by hybridization and selection from Arka Poonum x Gold Medal-412, blooms in 65 days. Colour of the florets is purple, middle portion having red- purple margin with green-yellow blotch. Florets are open-faced, tepals are thick, slightly ruffled and arranged in double rows.

Tuberose

Polianthes tuberosa L .

Arka Shringar

This is a hybrid between local cultivars Mexican Single x Pearl Double. Arka Shringar bears single type fragrant flowers on strong, medium spikes. Flower buds are attractive with slightly pinkish tinge. The spikes have more number of flowers and individual flowers are larger compared to the local cv.‘Single’. It is tolerant to root knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita ). Potential flower yield is 14-15 t/ha/year.

Arka Suvasini

Developed from hybridization between Mexican Single x Pearl Double. Multi whorled flowers that are bold, large, pure white fragrant are borne on long spikes. Number of flowers per spike is more and flower opening is uniform in this hybrid as compared to the local ‘Double’ cultivar. It is suitable for cut flower production with potential yield of 1.5-2.0 lakh spikes/ha/year.

Arka Prajwal Developed from the cross between Arka Shringar x Mexican Single, bears single type flowers on tall, sturdy spikes. Flower buds are slightly pinkish in colour while the flowers are white and individual flowers are larger in size compared to local single. It yields 7 t/acre/year. Flowers have a better vase life and suitable for cut flower.

Arka Vaibhav

Developed by hybridization between Mexican Single x IIHR-2, bears double flowers on medium tall spikes and exhibits early flowering. Flower buds are greenish in colour. Arka Vaibhav is suitable for cut flower production with potential yield of 1.0-1.5 lakh spikes/acre/year.

Arka Nirantara Arka Nirantara is a hybrid between Arka Shringar x IIHR-6, bears single type flowers and exhibits early flowering. It has prolonged blooming period of 6-8 months. It is tolerant to nematode, continues to flower when other varieties enter dormancy and ideal for loose flower production. With higher concrete content of 0.132 % and potential yield of 20- 22t/ha/year, Arka Niranthara has potential for aromatic industry.

Arka Sugandhi

Arka Sugandhi is a hybrid between IIHR-6 x IIHR-5, bears single flowers and exhibits early flowering. The spikes have upward looking florets with protruding stigma and the flowers are almost straight. It is a very attractive dwarf type with green tinged buds and the florets are compactly arranged on the stalk. It is ideal for planting in beds in the landscape and also for pot culture and has field tolerant to root knot nematode.

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

TUBEROSE

Tuberose thrives in moderate climate, with temperature ranging from 20-30°C. It is grows well in sunny situation. Ideal soil is loamy to sandy loam having pH of 6.5 to 7.5 with good aeration and drainage. Climate and Soil

Land preparation and Planting

Field has to be prepared to get a fine tilth and raised beds of 30 cm height and convenient length have to be made. Spindle shaped bulbs of 2- 2.5 cm diameter @ 400 kg/acre is required for planting. Planting is done on the beds in double row system with one drip line per bed. Bulbs are planted at 2.5 cm depth during May- July.

Manures and fertilizers

Well decomposed farm yard manure at the rate of 8 t /acre should be applied along with 200 kg of neem cake enriched with 1 kg of Trichoderma harzianum . The recommended fertilizer dose is 120:60:100 kg NPK /acre. 50 kg urea, 30 kg DAP and 40 kg MOP /acre /year has to be applied as basal dose at the time of planting. Three months after planting, 160 kg urea, 100 kg DAP and 130 kg MOP/acre/year has to be applied in split doses at monthly intervals as top dressing.

Fertigation schedule Basal fertilizer application of well decomposed farm yard manure at the rate of 8t / acre along with 66 kg urea, 94 kg SSP and 42 kg MOP per acre has to be applied at the time of field preparation. This has to be followed by fertigation based on crop growth stages as follows: 0-20 days after planting: No fertigation 21-90 days after planting: 5.8 kg urea, 2.1 kg Mono Potassium Phosphate (MKP) (0:54:32) and 2.4 kg/acre Sulphate of Potash (SOP) (0:0:50) at weekly intervals 91-270 days after planting: 2.3 kg urea, 1.3 kg Mono Potassium Phosphate (MKP) (0:54:32) and 1.5 kg/acre Sulphate of Potash (SOP) (0:0:50) at weekly intervals 271-365 days after planting: 3 kg urea, 1.2 kg Mono Potassium Phosphate (MKP) (0:54:32) and 1.4 kg/acre Sulphate of Potash (SOP) (0:0:50) at weekly intervals For the ratoon crop in the subsequent years basal application of FYM and fertilizer has to be repeated at the beginning of the rainy season followed by fertigation. Need based foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% + FeSO4 @ 0.2% + Boric acid @ 0.1% may also be practiced for getting better growth and yield in tuberose

4 to 6 litres of water per square metre depending on the weather condition is given daily through drip irrigation Irrigation

A fter care

Regular weeding manually and earthing up has to be done. Harvest Cut flowers can be harvested when the the first pair of flower buds open on the spike and for the loose flowers, fully matured flower buds which are at the horizontal position on flowers stalk have to be harvested during morning hours. Flower yield of single type tuberose varies from 5 to 7 t/acre/year and in double type tuberose it varies from 1.0-1.5 lakh spikes/ acre / year Flower yield

Thrips: Spraying of oxydemeton methyl 25 EC @2 ml/litre or dimethoate 30 EC @2 ml/litre or acephate 75 SP @1 g/litre along with 0.5% pongamia oil at 15 days interval is recommended followed by drenching the soil with chlorpyriphos 20 EC @5 ml/litre. Bulb yield Bulb yield of 6 tonnes of bulbs/ acre after the second year can be obtained Pest management

Root mealy bugs : Dipping the bulbs in chlorpyriphos 0.05% as a prophylactic measure and drenching of chlopyriphos 20 EC @5 ml/litre. Neem cake ground application at the time of planting can effectively control root mealy bugs, followed by soil drenching with botanicals like nimbicidine (1%) and neem seed kernel extract (NSKE 5%) at monthly intervals. (or) Soil drenching with the chemicals chlorpyriphos 20EC @ 5 ml/litre, thiamethoxam 25WG @0.5g/litre at monthly intervals is recommended for controlling the root mealybugs in the field.

Root knot nematode: Treating tuberose bulbs with bio-pesticides like Pseudomonas fluorescens or Trichoderma harzianum @ 10g/kg. Two kg each of the bio-pesticides, Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Paecilomyces lilacinus should be enriched in 1 ton of farm yard manure or neem cake and left under shade for 2 to 3 weeks at 25 – 30% moisture. This has to be mixed thoroughly from top to bottom once in three days and applied in field before planting. For the standing crop, biopesticide enriched neem cake can also be mixed in water (1:10 ratio), thoroughly filtered and applied through the drip or as soil drench. Chemical nematicide, carbofuran 3 G @ 1 kg a.i. per ha can be applied at planting and repeated after 45 days.

Disease management

Phoma Blight: Removal of affected leaves followed by application of carbendazim @2 g/l of water or propiconazole @ 1 ml/ litre of water will control the disease..

Basal rot or stem rot : Treating the collar portion and the soil with benlate, carbendazim, iprodione or copper oxy chloride @ 2 g/litre of water is effective.

Alternaria leaf spot: Spraying with mancozeb @ 0.2% will reduce the disease incidence.

Flower blight : Spraying carbendazim @2 g/litre of water.

GLADIOLUS

Climate and Soil

Gladiolus can be grown in wide range of climate from tropical to temperate. It prefers open sunny locations. The ideal day temperature should range between 20 to 25 °C .Well-drained sandy loam soil rich in organic matter and nutrients, with pH of 5.5 to 6.5 is ideal.

Land preparation and Planting

Gladiolus is planted on raised beds at a spacing of 30 cm x 20 cm. The corms to be planted in staggered manner at intervals of 10-15 days to get flower spikes for longer period and to avoid market glut. Healthy corms of above 3 cm diameter should be selected and treated with carbendazim (2g/lt) and captan (2g/lt) for 20 minutes. Approximately 40,000 corms/ acre is required.

Planting can be done during August to November in plains of northern India and March-April in hilly regions.Planting during the months of June, October and November are found to be the best considering the quality of the spike.

Manures and Fertilizers

Application of 8 ton FYM per acre is recommended. The major nutrient requirement in gladiolus is 100 kg N, 20 kg P and 80 kg K per acre. Half dose of phosphorus and potash are applied at the time of land preparation as basal dose. Remaining half dose of phosphorus and potash is top-dressed at 3-leaf stage of the crop along with half dose of nitrogen fertilizer. Remaining half dose of Nitrogen is applied at 6-leaf stage to get quality flowering.

A fter care

The field should be kept free from weeds. The earthing up should be done at the time of fertilizer application or 3 to 4-leaf stage. It provides support to plant and prevent exposure of corms. Second earthing up is to be done one month after first earthing up or at 6-leaf stage.

Harvesting of flowers

Harvesting and storage of corms

The corms are lifted 6 to 8 weeks after flowering. The lifted corms should be cleaned and shade dried for 5 to 6 days. The stalk and old dried corm should be removed. Then, corms should be treated with carbendazim (2g/lt) and captan (2g/lt), dried under shade and cold stored at 4 to 6 °C.

For local market, spikes are harvested when the first floret is open, whereas, for distant markets when the lowermost 2 to 3 florets are showing colour, by leaving atleast 4- leaves intact on the plants for proper development of corm and cormels.

Thrips: As the insects pupate in soil, drenching with chloropyrifos (0.1%) and spraying of dimethoate 30 EC @ 2ml/lt or imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.5ml/lt when initial symptoms are noticed at two weeks interval is effective in controlling thrips. Pest management

Bud borer: Application of HaNPV@ 250 LE/ha followed by spray with any neem formulations at 2.0 ml/l. Spray of quinalphos 25 EC @ 2.0 ml/l at fortnightly interval. Spray indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 1.0 ml/l or thiodicarb 75 WP @ 1.0 g/l, if the incidence is severe. Cutworm: Installation of pheromone traps for monitoring the activity of adults. Collect and destroy egg masses and gregarious early instar larvae. Application of SlNPV@ 250 LE/ha followed by spray with any neem formulations at 1.0-2.0 ml/l. Spray with quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/l or with cypermethrin 10 EC @ 1 ml/l. Spray indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 1.0 ml/l or thiodicarb 75 WP @ 1.0 g/l or spinosad 45 SC @ 0.25 ml/l, if the incidence is severe.

Mite: Spraying of neem or pongamia oil 1%. Spray dicofol 18.5 EC @ 2.5 ml/l. If the incidence is severe, spray abamectin 1.9 EC @ 0.5 ml/l.

Disease management

Fusarium wilt: Use of healthy corms, clean cultivation, treatment of corms and cormels with Carbendazim (2g/lt) and Captan (2g/lt) for 20 minutes before planting and after harvesting is absolutely important to manage this disease. Destroying infected corms, using resistant/tolerant varieties and crop rotation are also recommended.

Corm rot: The disease can be controlled effectively by hot water treatment with fungicide Carbendazim (2g/lt) and Captan (2g/lt).

Leaf and flower blight: The infection on leaves and flowers can be controlled by spraying Mancozeb (2g/lt) at weekly or 10 days intervals.

JASMINE

Climate and Soil

Jasmine prefers well-drained rich sandy loam to clay soils. The ideal conditions for their successful cultivation are warm summer and mild winter with temperature ranging from 20-35°C. Reduction in night temperatures affects flower production. It is grown in the open for commercial flower production

Land preparation and Planting

Field should be prepared well to get a fine tilth and pits of 45 cu. cm are prepared depending on the type of soil and are exposed for a week. The pit is filled with top soil after mixing with about 10-15 kg of well rotten cattle manure or compost and then irrigated to settle down the soil properly. One plant/pit is planted. Ideal planting time is June to August. Uniform well rooted cuttings of 10-15 cm length is planted.

Spacing Planting material requirement

J. grandiflorum

- 2.0 m x1.5 m

-1340 plants/ ac -1800 plants/ ac - 2720 plants/ac

J. auriculatum & J. sambac -1.5 m x1.5 m

J. multiflorum

-1.2 m x1.2 m

Manures and Fertilizers

Irrigation

2- 4 litres per plant per day through drip irrigation is applied, depending on the age of plant, weather and soil type Pruning Jasminum multiflorum is pruned in the month of March – April while other three species are pruned in November- grandiflorum is pruned at a height of 90 cm from the ground level the other species are pruned to 40- 60 cm height from the ground level. December. Jasminum

Well decomposed farm yard manure @10-15 kg per pit is recommended Fertilizer dose as follows 1-2 years: 30:60:60 g NPK/plant (70 g urea; 375g SSP; 100g MOP/ plant) 3-5 years: 60:120:120 g NPK/plant (140 g urea;750g SSP;200g MOP/ plant) 5 years and above: 120:240:240 g NPK/plant (270 g urea; 1500 g SSP;400g MOP/plant) Half N and full P and K at the time of planting/ pruning; remaining N after first flowering flush

Lean season flowering

Lean season for Jasminum sambac is from November to February. Advancing pruning to September results in lean season flowering. Application of the recommended dose of fertilizers in four equal split doses during February, May, September and December on September pruned plants increases lean season flowering and quality of flowers

A fter care Regular manual weeding at frequent intervals especially in the crop basin has to be done. Harvest For fresh flowers, fully developed unopened flower buds are picked early in the morning and for concrete extraction fresh just opened flowers are harvested preferably before 9 am.

Flower Yield : J. grandiflorum

- 4.0 t/acre/year - 4.0 t/acre/year - 3.5 t/acre/year - 3.0 t/acre/year

J. auriculatum

J. sambac

J . multiflorum

Pest Management

Bud borer: Collect and destroy damaged buds, use light traps to attract and kill adult moths, spray Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) @ 5% or malathion 50 EC @ 2.0 ml/litre

Jasmine eriophyid mite: Remove and destroy infested plant parts, spray dicofol 18.5 EC@ 1.5 ml/litre or wettable sulphur@ 3.0 g/litre.

Red spider mite: Remove and destroy infested plant parts, thorough spray of water on the plant dislodges the mites from their webs followed by spray of dicofol 18.5 EC@ 1.5 ml/litre or wettable sulphur@ 3.0 g/litre.

Blossom midge: Collect and destroy fallen and discoloured buds, avoid planting of alternate host plants, rake the soil to kill pupae in the ground, prune plants, use light and sticky traps, spray monocrotophos 36 WSC@2 ml/litre or carbaryl 50 WP @ 2g/litre and NSKE @ 5%. Soil application of cabofuran 3G at 30 kg/ha and drenching the soil with chloropyrifos 20EC at 5ml/litre.

Disease Management

Leaf spot : Spray mancozeb (0.2%) or Bordeaux mixture (1%) at monthly intervals

Rust : Spray wettable sulphur (0.2%), Mancozeb (0.2%), Plantavax (0.1%), Bayleton (0.2%). Prune and destroy infected branch

Sclerotium Wilt : Drenching Carbendazim-0.1% and captan-0.2%, 1% Bordeaux mixture in the plant basins

Viral diseases: Vector management, Uprooting and burning affected plant is recommended.

ROSE - PROTECTED CULTIVATION Growing structures Rose is grown for cut flower production under naturally ventilated, cost effective polyhouses or under fully climate controlled polyhouses.

Climate and Soil

Rose cultivation can be taken up ideally in cooler climate with bright sunlight. Places with day temperature ranging between 25-30°C and night temperature of 15- 18°C are suitable for rose production. Deep loam soil rich in organic matter with pH of 5.5-6.5 is ideally suited.

Deep ploughing with disc plough upto 60 cm depth thoroughly for 2 to 3 times should be done. Coirpith @10 kg/sq.m can be added to the soil along with farm yard manure and vermicompost. Soil sterilization has to be done before planting. Land preparation

Propagation Rose is propagated by budding and stenting

Planting

Ideal planting time is April – May or August – September. Planting is done on raised beds in double row system with one drip line per row. Budded portion must be 2.5 cm above the soil surface. Planting is done at a spacing of 40 x 20 cm and 44,000 plants are required per acre.

Nutrient management

A ftercare

Fertilizer dose of 50:15:60 g N:P:K + 2 kg FYM /sq.m in first after planting and 40:10:50 g N:P:K+ 2kg FYM/sq.m from second yearafter planting Source of fertilizers: Either straight (Urea, SSP, DAP, Sulphate of Potash etc) or water- soluble fertilizers (19:19:19 Sulphate of Potash) can be applied in equal split doses at fortnightly intervals from 3rd month onwards. Soil application of micronutrient mixture @ 2 g per plant or sq.m twice or thrice in year based on soil test report or foliar spraying of 0.1% micronutrient mixture if visible symptoms are seen.

Regular weeding has to be done

Special horticultural practices

Bending of shoots: Four weeks after planting, shoots are bent to induce strong basal shoots. Development of a good number of basal shoots is essential to build a strong framework in the plant

Irrigation

Removal of buds from the rootstock: To be done to prevent the unwanted vegetative growth from the root stock and encourage healthy buds from scion

The water requirement is 4-6 liters/sq.m/day through drip irrigation depending on the plant growth and weather conditions

Special horticultural practices

Disbudding : Removal of side buds below the central bud should be done regularly

Deshooting :

Removal

young

shoots

from

the

flowering stalk

Bud netting: Buds are covered with nets to regulate the shape and bud opening

Harvesting and yield

Harvesting of flowers should be done either in the morning or evening hours. Stage of harvest varies with the variety and distance to the market. Cut flowers are harvested at tight bud stage with all sepals unfurled. Flowers are placed immediately in buckets containing clean water for pre-cooling. The average yield of cut flowers is 200-300 stems/sq.m/year

Pest management

Thrips: Spray Fipronil 5 SC (1.5 ml/l) or Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (0.5 ml/l)

White fly: Spray Thiamethaxam 25 WG (0.5 g/l) or Spiromesifen 240 SC (1 ml/l) or diafenthiuron 50 WP (0.75 g/l)

Mites: SprayAbamectin1.9 EC (0.75 ml/l) or Fenazaquin 10 SC @ 1.5 ml/l

Nematode management: At the time of planting, apply 1 Kg of FYM/250 gm of neem cake / 500 gm of vermicompost enriched with Pseudomonas fluorescens + Trichoderma harzianum + Paecilomyces lilacinus per ha in the beds. For standing crop, dissolve 20kg of neem cake enriched with bio-pesticide ( Pseudomonas fluorescens + Trichoderma harzianum + Paecilomyces lilacinus) in 200 lit. of water and drench in soil at 2 l/ sq.m. This can also be filtered thoroughly and sent through drip once in 30 days.

Disease management

Black spot : Spray Chlorothalonil 75 WP (2 g/l) or Hexaconazole 5% EC (2-3ml/l) or Propiconazole 25% EC (1ml/l)

Powdery mildew: Spray Azoxystrobin 23% SC (1 ml/l) or Trifloxystrobin +Tebuconazole 75 WG (1 g/l)

Downy mildew: Spray Chlorothalonil 75 WP (2 g/l) or Fosetyl Aluminium 80 % WP (2 g/l)

Botrytis blight: Maintaining hygienic conditions in the polyhouse and reducing free occurrence of moisture on plant parts mitigates the disease

Crown gall: Use of disease - free planting material and destruction of infected material

Die-back: Copper fungicides as paste to cut ends immediately after pruning

ROSE - OPEN CULTIVATION Climate and Soil Places with day temperature ranging between 25-30 °C and night temperature of 15-18 °C are suitable for rose production. Deep loam soil rich in organic matter with pH of 5.5-6.5 is ideally suited for rose cultivation.

Propagation Rose plants are propagated by budding or top-grafting on rootstocks like Rosa indica, R. multiflora , Natal Briar and R. canina .

Planting

Planting is taken up in rows with spacing of 1 m x 1 m. Depending on the spacing, pits or trenches of 1-2 feet depth are dug. Care must be taken while planting to ensure that the bud union is 2-3 cm above soil.

Manures and fertilizers

Organic manure at the rate of 8 t/ acre is to be added and mixed with the soil before planting. Nutrient application of 240:80:280 kg N: P:K per acre is ideal. Ideal fertilizer sources would be Urea, SSP, DAP, 19:19:19 and Muriate of Potash. Fertilizers can be applied in equal split doses at monthly intervals. Soil application of micronutrients (FeSO4 and ZnSO4) @ 1 g per plant or sq.m twice or thrice in year based on soil test report or foliar spraying of 0.1% (FeSO4 and ZnSO4) if visible symptoms are seen.

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